Beer is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for barley, baere, and is an indication of the importance of this grain to beer. Since species of Saccaromyces are unable to enzymatically digest starch to get the sugar to make ethyl alcohol, it must be predigested for them. This is the prime function of the barley. Germinating […]

To make red wine dark, blue-Hack grapes are used, and the total vendange (harvest) of stems, skins, pits, etc., is pressed together so that the must contains these parts in addition to grape juice. The dark red color comes from pigment cells just beneath the skin which are ruptured when the grapes are crushed. White […]

Obviously, we have to know something about the particular nutritional needs of each species as well as their temperature and oxygen requirement in order to grow them. These optimal (best) conditions usually mimic those found in nature. In fact, many of the processes discussed later on like wine- and cheese- making and bread-baking reflect physiological […]

The typical bacterial cell has a rigid, limiting wall composed of a chitinlike substance (not cellulose like higher plants), and it divides by simple binary fission (splitting into two equal daughter cells). As I mentioned earlier, the presence of the cell wall has been the determining factor in relegating the bacteria to the plant kingdom. […]

Bacterial Growth Growth or development is a systematic increase in the magnitude of cellular constituents. It is dependent upon the aptitude of the cell to form new protoplasm from nutrients accessible in the surroundings. In the majority of bacteria, growth involves rise in cell mass and number of ribosomes, duplication of the bacterial chromosome, synthesis […]

The term culture can be used, informally as a synonym for tissue culture, which involves the growth of cells or tissues explanted from a multi-cellular organism.

The Gram stain makes use of the essential variation in the outer layers of bacteria so that certain bacterial groups retain the preliminary stain while others promptly lose this dye during the decolorization procedure. Bacteria that decolorize will be stained with the color of the counter-stain. The first two evidences to the identification of any […]

Procedure for Culture Samples are obtained from the infected area with cotton swabs that have been sterilized. They are then drape across the surface of a gelatinous medium called agar that is contained in a Petri dish, which is a less than 3-inch glass dish with a cover. The agar and Petri plate together are […]

A bacterial culture is being utilized to establish if bacteria, the kind of bacteria and what antibiotic is the bacteria sensitive to cause rashes. An ear infection for three months and it is not getting well. A bladder illness that in no way seems to fully clear up and the patient has been on five […]